• the fiction of you

When I was about five or six years old I plagued my parents with strange questions. One I remember in-particular was “who would I be if I wasn’t me”? Such riddles are not uncommon at this age because it is around this time that children begin to develop – or construct – a rudimentary form of identity. An embryonic Self that will grow into something resembling a final form during puberty and early adulthood. As we age, the foundations of identity sink into the subconscious, their origins lost, becoming so conflated with the notion of consciousness to the point where we can no longer tell them apart.

We talk of Self as if it is who we “really are”, like some kind of secular Soul, but there is growing evidence that the very notion of our personal identity is a fluid and ever-changing fiction that emerges through the brain’s interaction with society and the environment. A cognitive technology built from the lego blocks of language to tie together past experiences into a cohesive whole and use them as a blueprint for anticipating future events. The ultimate tool of a species of toolmakers.

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This weekend saw the third annual Q.E.D – the massive end-of-level-boss version of Skeptics in the Pub. A place where scientists, critical thinkers, atheists and other assorted eccentrics assemble in Manchester and sacrifice orphans to the reanimated husk of Darwin. Given this, protester turnout for was lacklustre, composed of a small choir and a couple of chaps with a giant metal cross that had to be trundled about on a tiny bicycle wheel. I’m not entirely sure what they intended to do with it.

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Despite the sophistication of Aboriginal society, for a multitude of reasons, not least the barren nature of much of the Australian continent, their culture remained locked in time and tied to the fragile ecology of the outback. Elsewhere, the human superorganism followed the same pattern of data accumulation and networking, but on a larger scale. Beginning around 12,000 years ago, two dramatic and intimately related shifts occurred in human behaviour. One was that humans began settling in cities, mostly around the Middle East and Eastern Mediterranean; the second is the emergence of agriculture. There is much debate on which came first, but each could not exist without the other and can be thought of as parts of the same self-organising process, perhaps stretching back to the cave cultures of the Upper Palaeolithic. Most certainly they were not part of an eureka moment and were, instead, the culmination of the long process of human interface with the environment, taken to its logical conclusion.

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  • Aboriginal Art

Sociobiologist E.O Wilson has long drawn comparisons between human civilisations and the insect superorganisms that dominate the macroscopic realm. These ‘eusocial’ organisms, such as ants and termites, “belong to multiple generations. They divide labor in what outwardly at least appears to be an altruistic manner. Some take labor roles that shorten their life spans or reduce the number of their personal offspring, or both. Their sacrifice allows others who fill reproductive roles to live longer and produce proportionately more offspring.” Ants build cities, farm aphids, fungus and even plants. They operate in massive societies, one of which has been discovered stretching 4000 miles across Eurasia. In terms of sheer biomass, ants are by far the most numerous organism on earth, with some estimates in the region of 9000 million tonnes, vastly dwarfing other insect species [18]. It is the ability to act towards collective group goals, facilitated by complex communication, that gives them this immense power. Read more →

  • ochre-slab

While tool use behaviours have been observed in primate societies, they vary between populations, and their growth is limited to direct visual observation and are, by and large, geographically isolated. As van Schaik noted; large groups thus have a distinct advantage over time; leading to both a statistically higher change of innovation and more minds in which to house behaviours, should disaster strike. If the Japanese macaque population were halved by some disaster, the behaviour patterns would survive because they have become so ubiquitous throughout the entire population. Should van Schaik’s comparatively smaller group of tool-making orangutans perish, the group on the northern shore would carry on oblivious to such innovations, as if they had never existed.

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  • Japanese Macaque eating Sweet Potato

By the early 20th century, philosophers had expended vast quantities of ink in the quest to explaining the nature of consciousness, forming a rich and detailed vocabulary and elaborate hierarchies of concepts to describe the minutia of mental states.  But this search for truth saw them drift further and further into the realms of abstraction and saw certainty slip further from their grasp. The Austrian artist Gustav Klimt reflected the anxious zeitgeist of early 20th century philosophy when he was commissioned to paint the ceilings of the University of Vienna. The panel entitled ‘philosophy’ was a haunting, nightmarish portrait of a species lost in the labyrinth of thought. It is ironic that Martin Heidegger, a philosopher famous for his maddeningly complex prose, should be the one to get closest to escaping this maze, precisely by rejecting core tenets of the philosophy of the age.

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For most of us, it is almost impossible to imagine a world devoid of language. The words we use and the worlds we build with them are so fundamental to our understanding, that to strip them back and envision a bare universe, devoid of symbolic thought, would be to abandon the very thing that makes us human.  We are a species of ‘worldbuilders’, both figuratively in the sense of how we collectively imagine the world, and literally, in that as we mould it to resemble these shared fictions.  In the course of the last fifty thousand years, we have become an epochal, disruptive force in the history of evolution. Since our ancestors scraped their way through the last ice age, we have collectively dismantled the environment and rebuilt it to suit our interests, either assimilating organisms into our evolving technicity or driving them to oblivion. In that geologically brief span of time, we have gone from launching spears to nuclear warheads.

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The pursuit of equal rights between genders should be a driving principle to any educated person in the modern world.  Developments in technology; specifically energy, food and healthcare now mean that the patrilineal structures that have characterised human organisation for over ten thousand years can be transcended. However the very thing that could allow us to step from the shadow of history could also signify our downfall if cultural change does not keep pace with that of technology.

Crucial in the cultural phase-shift that must occur is the issue of women’s rights around the world.  While work remains to be done rebalancing the law and addressing chauvinist cultural norms in the Europe and the Americas, the most pressing issues of women’s rights remain outside the West. This was driven home dramatically in a lecture by Sir David Attenborough on the threat to the natural world posed by runaway population growth. The gloomy and sobering picture of the collapse of the biological world has but one “glimmer of hope”;

“Wherever women have the vote, wherever they are literate and have medical facilities to control the number of children they bear, the birth rate falls. All those civilised conditions exist in the southern Indian state of Kerala. In India as a whole the total fertility rate is about 2.8 births per woman. In Kerala it is 1.7 births per woman. In Thailand last year, it was 1.8 per woman, similar to that in Kerala. But compare that to the Catholic Philippines where it is 3.3.”

For Attenborough, while advances in technology may give rise to another Green Revolution and squeeze more calories out of the thinning topsoil, the fundamental issues is that there will soon be more people than the planet than it can feed, and the consequence will be a devastated ecosystem, runaway climate change and a war over the remaining fertile regions of Earth.

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When the worlds first commercially available computer – the table sized UNIVAC I – was released the early 1950s, it would have been hard to envisage a world where machines exponentially more powerful would fit in our pockets. Half a century later they are so much a part of our everyday existence they are almost invisible. Yet the quietly growing industry of Additive Manufacturing – commonly known as 3D Printing – is running a parallel course. In time it promises to revolutionise healthcare and reinvent the industrial economy, but also represents a pandora’s box of technologies that will in time pose hard questions for the file-sharing community.

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  • The Responsive Summit

As the dust settles on the Responsive Summit, its perhaps worth having a look at just why the event generated so much heat on Twitter and beyond. As has been widely reported in the last 12 hours, the title of the recent “Responsive Summit” event that riled so many, was just a bit of self-mocking fun. The problem was that most of the web community were not in on the joke, and that itself is a microcosm of what went wrong with the promotion as a whole.

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